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Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer.〔Garner, B. & Black, H. (2004). Black's Law Dictionary. Belmont: Thomson/West.〕 A procurer, colloquially called a pimp (if male) or a madam (if female), is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive this money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing, a location where the prostitute may engage clients. Like prostitution, the legality of certain actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next. Examples of procuring include: *trafficking a prostitute into a country for the purpose of soliciting sex *operating a prostitution business *transporting a prostitute to the location of their arrangement *deriving financial gain from the prostitution of another == Overview == Procuring can often take abusive forms. Pimps may punish clients for physical abuse or failure to pay, advertise services to potential clients without alerting police, and enforce exclusive rights to 'turf' where their prostitutes may advertise and operate with less competition. In the many places where prostitution is outlawed, sex workers have decreased incentive to report abuse for fear of self-incrimination, and increased motivation to seek any physical protection from clients and law enforcement that a pimp might provide. The pimp–prostitute relationship can be abusive and possessive, with the pimp/madam using techniques such as psychological intimidation, manipulation, starvation, rape and/or gang rape, beating, confinement, threats of violence toward the victim’s family, forced drug use and the shame from these acts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=55 Little Known Facts About... Human Trafficking )〕 Empirical and in situ research published in the 2010s has, however, suggested that these assumptions about abusive relationships represent stereotyped oppression narratives that may be only represent a small percentage of the relationships between pimps and sexworkers.〔Marcus, Anthony, et al. "Conflict and Agency among Sex Workers and Pimps: A Closer Look at Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science May 2014 vol. 653 no. 1 225-246. doi: 10.1177/0002716214521993.〕 Pimps can be arrested and charged with pandering and are legally known as procurers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pandering )〕 This combined with the tendency to identify pimping with African American masculinity may provide some of the explanation for why 62% of all "confirmed" human traffickers in the United States are African American men. In fact, it has recently been argued that some of the extreme examples of violence cited in the article below come primarily from such stereotyping supported by Hollywood screenwriters, selective and decontextualized trial transcripts, and studies that have only interviewed parties to sex commerce in institutions of rescue, prosecution, and punishment, rather than engaging rigorous study in situ.〔Horning, A. (2013). Peeling the onion: domestically trafficked minors and other sex work involved youth. Dialectical anthropology, 37(2), 299-307.〕〔Marcus, Anthony, Amber Horning, & Ric Curtis. 2014. “Child Sex Trafficking: Toward an Agent Centered Approach” in Rhacel Salazar Parreñas and Kimberly Hoang Human Trafficking Reconsidered: Rethinking the Problem, Envisioning New Solutions, New York: Open Society Institute.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Procuring (prostitution)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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